Yes No Share to Facebook
Evidence of Possession is Required: More Than Just Circumstantial Evidence of a Connection to Stolen Property
Question: Does the Crown have to prove I had possession and control of stolen property, not just contact with it, in an Ontario theft case?
Answer: In Ontario theft prosecutions, the Crown must prove knowing possession and a measure of control over the stolen property, not merely that you were near it or had some connection to it, under Criminal Code of Canada, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, ss. 322(1) and 4(3), and cases like R. v. Phillips, 2020 ONCA 323. Hall Paralegal Services provides Ontario paralegal services to review the evidence, assess whether “possession” can be proven (including constructive or joint possession), and help you plan next steps for your matter.
Does the Crown Have to Prove Possession of Stolen Property Instead of Just Proving Contact With Stolen Property During a Theft Case?
In a Theft Case the Crown Is Required to Present Evidence That the Accused Had Knowing Possession and Control of the Stolen Property Rather Than Mere Contact or Connection With the Stolen Property.
Understanding the Evidentiary Requirement That the Crown Must Prove Actual Possession of Property Within a Theft Case
To obtain a conviction in a matter where a person is charged with theft per section 322 of the Criminal Code of Canada, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, the Crown must prove that the person charged had possession and control of the property that was allegedly stolen. It is insufficient for the Crown to prove only circumstantial contact with, or connection to, the stolen property. Furthermore, the word "possession" has a special meaning in law and it is the special legal meaning of "possession" rather than merely the ordinary layperson meaning of "possession" that must be proven for a guilty verdict to result.
The Law
What is legally defined as the crime of theft is prescribed within section 322(1), of the Criminal Code, whereas such states:
322 (1) Every one commits theft who fraudulently and without colour of right takes, or fraudulently and without colour of right converts to his use or to the use of another person, anything, whether animate or inanimate, with intent
(a) to deprive, temporarily or absolutely, the owner of it, or a person who has a special property or interest in it, of the thing or of his property or interest in it;
(b) to pledge it or deposit it as security;
(c) to part with it under a condition with respect to its return that the person who parts with it may be unable to perform; or
(d) to deal with it in such a manner that it cannot be restored in the condition in which it was at the time it was taken or converted.
As such, to prove a charge of theft in accordance with the legal definition per section 322 of the Criminal Code, the prosecuting Crown must prove the elements as legally defined. As shown, the elements include the word "takes" thereby involving a certain aspect of possession and control over the property that is allegedly the subject of the theft. Furthermore, what constitutes as "possession" is defined at section 4(3) of the Criminal Code whereat such states:
Possession
4(3) For the purposes of this Act,
(a) a person has anything in possession when he has it in his personal possession or knowingly
(i) has it in the actual possession or custody of another person, or
(ii) has it in any place, whether or not that place belongs to or is occupied by him, for the use or benefit of himself or of another person; and
(b) where one of two or more persons, with the knowledge and consent of the rest, has anything in his custody or possession, it shall be deemed to be in the custody and possession of each and all of them.
In a theft case, where the Crown may be without a witness to the actual theft taking place, proof of the theft may involve the collective of circumstantial evidence that provides enough proof of involvement as necessary to enable common sense inferences to prevail and thereby rise to the level of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. However, circumstantial evidence of contact with, and even a connection to, the property involved in the theft is insufficient to prove actual involvement, or complicit involvement, in the theft. Accordingly, the Crown is required to prove more than just a contact with, or connection to, the property. The Crown must prove that the accused person took wrongful possession and control of the stolen property. This evidentiary requirement was stated in the case of R. v. Phillips, 2020 ONCA 323, where it was said:
[10] There is nothing to connect the appellant to the break-in or the thefts, except for his alleged possession of the stolen vehicle shortly after the break-in and thefts occurred. The reasonableness of the three convictions turns on whether the circumstantial evidence was reasonably capable of supporting the inference the appellant was not only in the Anthony vehicle when it travelled to Kingston, but was also in possession of that vehicle. Possession requires proof of some element of control over the thing said to be possessed: R. v. Pham (2005), 2005 CanLII 44671 (ON CA), 203 C.C.C. (3d) 326, at para. 16 (Ont. C.A.), aff’d, 2006 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2006] 1 S.C.R. 940; R. v. Terrence, 1983 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1983] 1 S.C.R. 357. Absent a finding the appellant was in possession of the truck, the further inferences he was the person who broke into the Anthony home and stole the purse and keys was not reasonably available.
As stated in the Phillips case above, more than just proof that Phillips was in a stolen vehicle was required to prove that Phillips was the person, or one of the persons, who took unlawful possession and control of the stolen vehicle. The case of R. v. Pham, 2005 CanLII 44671, which was also a Court of Appeal case, and as was cited within the Phillips case, very clearly stated the requirement for proof of possession and control beyond mere contact with, or connection to, the stolen property. Specifically, the Pham case said:
[15] In order to constitute constructive possession, which is sometimes referred to as attributed possession, there must be knowledge which extends beyond mere quiescent knowledge and discloses some measure of control over the item to be possessed. See R. v. Caldwell (1972), 1972 ALTASCAD 33 (CanLII), 7 C.C.C. (2d) 285, [1972] 5 W.W.R. 150 (Alta. S.C. (A.D.)); R. v. Grey (1996), 1996 CanLII 35 (ON CA), 28 O.R. (3d) 417, [1996] O.J. No. 1106 (C.A.).
[16] In order to constitute joint possession pursuant to s. 4(3)(b) of the Code there must be knowledge, consent, and a measure of control on the part of the person deemed to be in possession. See R. v. Terrence, 1983 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1983] 1 S.C.R. 357, 147 D.L.R. (3d) 724; R. v. Williams (1998), 1998 CanLII 2557 (ON CA), 40 O.R. (3d) 301, [1998] O.J. No. 2246 (C.A.); R. v. Barreau, 1991 CanLII 241 (BC CA), [1991] B.C.J. No. 3878, 19 W.A.C. 290 (C.A.); and R. v. Chambers, 1985 CanLII 169 (ON CA), [1985] O.J. No. 143, 20 C.C.C. (3d) 440 (C.A.).
Conclusion
In a theft case, where it is proven that the accused had contact or connection with the stolen property, it is insufficient to prove merely the contact or connection; and accordingly, it is necessary for the Crown to prove that the person accused of the theft actually took unlawful possession and control of the stolen property or was in some other way complicit with the theft such as knowingly assisting another person who took unlawful possession and control of the stolen property.
NOTE: A significant plethora of online searches featuring “lawyers near me” or “best lawyer in” frequently indicates a pressing requirement for adept legal support rather than a particular professional designation. In , licensed paralegals operate under the same Law Society that governs lawyers and are permitted to represent clients in specific litigation matters. Skills in advocacy, legal analysis, and procedural expertise are fundamental to that function. Hall Paralegal Services provides legal representation within its regulated mandate/scope, focusing on strategic positioning, evidentiary preparation, and compelling advocacy designed to achieve prompt and advantageous outcomes for clients.